01 / Morfologi

Ciri dan struktur

Biatoropsis usnearum forms distinctive growths, known as basidiomata, on its host lichens. These structures show considerable variation in their appearance, but typically appear as rounded, convex swellings with a narrowed base. The basidiomata can range in colour from pale pink to reddish brown or black, and measure between 0.2 and 2.5 mm in diameter. Their surface is usually smooth, though occasionally it may become warty. The texture is cartilaginous, similar to firm jelly. The species in its strict sense (sensu stricto) is characterised by large, pale pinkish brown basidiomata that may sometimes become darker. These typical forms can be distinguished from other members of the species complex by this consistent colouration and size, though some specimens may darken due to parasitic fungi. The development of these structures follows a characteristic pattern. The infection begins in the outer protective layer () of the host lichen, where it triggers changes in the host's own thread-like structures (hyphae). The first visible signs are pale to reddish spots on the lichen's surface, where the number of algal cells is already reduced. As the fungus grows upward through the host's cortex, it begins producing reproductive structures, eventually forming a mature gall that lacks algal cells entirely. The internal structure of these growths consists of microscopic threads called hyphae, which measure 2-3 μm in width. These hyphae have uniform walls and lack specialised connecting structures known as clamp connections. The fungus connects to its host through specialised feeding structures called haustorial branches.

Sebagian uraian ditampilkan dalam bahasa sumber; terjemahannya belum tersedia atau belum lolos pemeriksaan.

Rujukan: [1]

Pengukuran mengikuti objek, spesimen atau kultur, dan metode yang disebutkan sumber. Baca uraian asli untuk konteks lengkap.

02 / Kehidupan

Habitat dan peran ekologis

Biatoropsis usnearum sensu stricto is found growing specifically on six Usnea species: U. subfloridana, U. barbata, U. cavernosa, U. florida, U. glabrescens, and U. intermedia. The species has been confirmed from several locations in Europe (Austria, Finland, Poland, Sweden, and Scotland) and North America (Alberta and British Columbia in Canada, Minnesota in USA). However, its true distribution is likely more extensive than currently documented. Many historical records and reported locations for this species need to be reevaluated, as specimens previously identified as B. usnearum may represent other species in the complex. Research suggests there may be patterns in how these fungi have evolved to interact with their hosts – lichenicolous fungi that are phylogenetically related to lichens themselves tend to target the algal symbionts in lichen associations, while those from primarily non-lichenised fungal groups (like B. usnearum) appear better adapted to parasitising the fungal component of the lichen. The fungus preferentially infects young and growing parts of the host, particularly branch tips, fibrils (small branches), and areas beneath developing reproductive structures. Notably, when the fungus infects a part of the lichen, it suppresses the production of usnic acid, a characteristic lichen compound, in the infected area.

Sebagian uraian ditampilkan dalam bahasa sumber; terjemahannya belum tersedia atau belum lolos pemeriksaan.

Rujukan: [1]

Habitat atau konteks temuan
Informasi belum tersedia pada sumber rilis ini.
Substrat
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Peran atau konteks
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Temukan hubungan serupa
03 / Siklus hidup

Reproduksi

Biatoropsis usnearum forms distinctive growths, known as basidiomata, on its host lichens. These structures show considerable variation in their appearance, but typically appear as rounded, convex swellings with a narrowed base. The basidiomata can range in colour from pale pink to reddish brown or black, and measure between 0.2 and 2.5 mm in diameter. Their surface is usually smooth, though occasionally it may become warty. The texture is cartilaginous, similar to firm jelly. The species in its strict sense (sensu stricto) is characterised by large, pale pinkish brown basidiomata that may sometimes become darker. These typical forms can be distinguished from other members of the species complex by this consistent colouration and size, though some specimens may darken due to parasitic fungi.

Sebagian uraian ditampilkan dalam bahasa sumber; terjemahannya belum tersedia atau belum lolos pemeriksaan.

Rujukan: [1]

04 / Batas informasi

Catatan identitas dan cakupan

  • Nama diterima mengikuti Catalogue of Life Base2026-09-11; uraian mempertahankan konsep dan nama sumber aslinya.
  • Original geographic, specimen and life-cycle scope retained; source import awaits individual editorial review.
  • Impor dan terjemahan otomatis belum diperiksa editorial per profil. Struktur reproduktif yang disebutkan tidak membuktikan seluruh siklus hidup diketahui.
  • Pengukuran pada uraian mengikuti spesimen, kultur, dan metode sumber; angka tidak diperluas ke semua populasi.

Catatan distribusi dalam narasi mengikuti sumbernya. Dokumentasi spesimen atau foto mengikuti catatan sumber. Bukti wilayah Indonesia dan penilaian konservasi tidak disimpulkan dari gambar.

05 / Dokumentasi

Melihat dengan konteks

Dokumentasi Biatoropsis usnearum menurut asosiasi foto pada record takson iNaturalist. Kredit: Jonny Tostenson. Identitas mengikuti sumber; bukan penentuan spesimen independen.

Jenis
Fotografi
Kredit
no rights reserved, uploaded by Jonny Tostenson
Lisensi
CC0 1.0
Sumber media
Buka entri sumber

Gambar menunjukkan objek menurut identifikasi sumber, bukan verifikasi independen spesimen oleh Fungi. Tidak ada skala baru yang ditambahkan.

Dokumentasi tambahan

Foto yang diasosiasikan dengan Biatoropsis usnearum pada iNaturalist

Foto yang diasosiasikan dengan Biatoropsis usnearum pada iNaturalist. Identifikasi mengikuti sumber; bukan penentuan spesimen independen.

Fotografi · Sumber gambar · CC BY 4.0

Kredit dan penggunaan

(c) Possums' End, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Possums' End

Ukuran dan format gambar disesuaikan tanpa pemotongan, retus, atau penambahan skala. Lisensi sumber dipertahankan.

06 / Rujukan

Sumber profil

  1. [1] Biatoropsis usnearum — Wikipedia (en)Bagian sumber: Frozen revision 1355394434
    Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-12
    Teks sumber: CC BY-SA4.0 · Wikipedia contributors
  2. [2] Catalogue of Life Base2026-09-11 — Biatoropsis usnearumBagian sumber: ColDP NameUsage.tsv ID 5WJNV; accepted species; source 2073
    Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-12
  3. [3] Dokumentasi visual — Biatoropsis usnearumBagian sumber: Identitas mengikuti sumber dokumentasi; bukan penentuan spesimen independen.
    Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-17
    Media sumber: CC0 1.0 · no rights reserved, uploaded by Jonny Tostenson
  4. [4] Dokumentasi visual — Biatoropsis usnearumBagian sumber: Identitas mengikuti sumber dokumentasi; bukan penentuan spesimen independen.
    Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-17
    Teks sumber: CC BY 4.0 · (c) Possums' End, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Possums' End

Adaptasi teks: CC BY-SA 4.0. Wikipedia contributors — Biatoropsis usnearum — Wikipedia (en)

Uraian asli dan riwayat sumber

Riwayat atau halaman sumber

Ringkasan sumber

Biatoropsis usnearum is a species of parasitic fungus that grows exclusively on lichen species of the genus Usnea, particularly U. subfloridana, U. barbata, and U. florida. First described in 1934 by Veli Räsänen, it has become a significant model organism in fungal evolution studies due to its specialised host relationships. The fungus belongs to the order Tremellales, though its precise family classification remains uncertain. It forms distinctive swellings or galls on its host lichens, ranging in colour from pale pink to dark reddish-brown, and notably suppresses the production of host defensive compounds like usnic acid.

Revisi sumber

Morfologi sumber

Biatoropsis usnearum forms distinctive growths, known as basidiomata, on its host lichens. These structures show considerable variation in their appearance, but typically appear as rounded, convex swellings with a narrowed base. The basidiomata can range in colour from pale pink to reddish brown or black, and measure between 0.2 and 2.5 mm in diameter. Their surface is usually smooth, though occasionally it may become warty. The texture is cartilaginous, similar to firm jelly. The species in its strict sense (sensu stricto) is characterised by large, pale pinkish brown basidiomata that may sometimes become darker. These typical forms can be distinguished from other members of the species complex by this consistent colouration and size, though some specimens may darken due to parasitic fungi. The development of these structures follows a characteristic pattern. The infection begins in the outer protective layer () of the host lichen, where it triggers changes in the host's own thread-like structures (hyphae). The first visible signs are pale to reddish spots on the lichen's surface, where the number of algal cells is already reduced. As the fungus grows upward through the host's cortex, it begins producing reproductive structures, eventually forming a mature gall that lacks algal cells entirely. The internal structure of these growths consists of microscopic threads called hyphae, which measure 2-3 μm in width. These hyphae have uniform walls and lack specialised connecting structures known as clamp connections. The fungus connects to its host through specialised feeding structures called haustorial branches.

Revisi sumber

Ekologi sumber

Biatoropsis usnearum sensu stricto is found growing specifically on six Usnea species: U. subfloridana, U. barbata, U. cavernosa, U. florida, U. glabrescens, and U. intermedia. The species has been confirmed from several locations in Europe (Austria, Finland, Poland, Sweden, and Scotland) and North America (Alberta and British Columbia in Canada, Minnesota in USA). However, its true distribution is likely more extensive than currently documented. Many historical records and reported locations for this species need to be reevaluated, as specimens previously identified as B. usnearum may represent other species in the complex. Research suggests there may be patterns in how these fungi have evolved to interact with their hosts – lichenicolous fungi that are phylogenetically related to lichens themselves tend to target the algal symbionts in lichen associations, while those from primarily non-lichenised fungal groups (like B. usnearum) appear better adapted to parasitising the fungal component of the lichen. The fungus preferentially infects young and growing parts of the host, particularly branch tips, fibrils (small branches), and areas beneath developing reproductive structures. Notably, when the fungus infects a part of the lichen, it suppresses the production of usnic acid, a characteristic lichen compound, in the infected area.

Revisi sumber

Struktur reproduksi sumber

Biatoropsis usnearum forms distinctive growths, known as basidiomata, on its host lichens. These structures show considerable variation in their appearance, but typically appear as rounded, convex swellings with a narrowed base. The basidiomata can range in colour from pale pink to reddish brown or black, and measure between 0.2 and 2.5 mm in diameter. Their surface is usually smooth, though occasionally it may become warty. The texture is cartilaginous, similar to firm jelly. The species in its strict sense (sensu stricto) is characterised by large, pale pinkish brown basidiomata that may sometimes become darker. These typical forms can be distinguished from other members of the species complex by this consistent colouration and size, though some specimens may darken due to parasitic fungi.

Revisi sumber

Rujukan halaman ini

Fungi. Biatoropsis usnearum. Rilis data fungi-2026-10-12-expansion-2. https://fungi-atlas.mgadib.chatgpt.site/jamur/biatoropsis-usnearum/.

Status: impor sumber; pemeriksaan editorial per profil belum selesai. Untuk klaim biologis, gunakan rujukan pada bagian terkait dan periksa konteks sumber aslinya.