Paxillus involutus

Ciri dan struktur

PILEUS: convex or occasionally umbonate when young, applanate, centrally depressed or shallowly infundibuliform at maturity, 4-12 cm diam., slightly to moderately viscid under wet conditions, otherwise dry, velutinate to subtomentose when young, sparsely felted to subglabrous at maturity, often areolately creviced, brownish fawn, ochraceous brown, rusty brown, or faintly olive brown, frequently mottled and with dark reddish brown stains; cuticle a trichodermium when young, composed of erect, filamentous hyphae with clamp connections and brown contents, terminal cells unspecialised, 4-8.5 µm. diam., becoming disorganised at maturity and hyphae obliquely ascending or repent; margins strongly involute and coarsely tomentose when young, irregularly involute and sparsely felted or subglabrous at maturity, often faintly radially sulcate when old. LAMELLAE: crowded, deeply decurrent, meruloid or anastomosing near stipe, simple, anastomosing, or repeatedly dichotomously branched to 3 times, often with prominent side veins, 3-7 mm deep, dull creamy ochraceous when young, darkening to dull yellowish brown or yellowish rusty brown at maturity, discoloured dark reddish brown where damaged, lamellulae present, irregularly arranged. STIPE: 1.5-6 cm long, subequal or tapering basally, occasionally expanded at extreme base, to 1.8 cm diam. apically, to 0.8 cm. diam. basally, central or occasionally eccentric, solid, dry, tomentose, subtomentose, or finely velutinate by presence of filamentous, clamped hyphae with brown contents, or subglabrous, more or less concolorous with lamellae apically, brownish fawn or sordid brown towards base, often with reddish brown tints; flesh sordid brownish fawn, brownish yellow or pallid brown, turning faint reddish brown on exposure to air; veil absent.

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Rujukan: [1]

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Habitat dan peran ekologis

Paxillus involutus is widely distributed throughout temperate and warm temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The species has also been recorded from temperate South America and Australia, but Singer (1964) considered that it might be introduced rather than indigenous to the Southern Hemisphere. It is not clear whether Singer and Moser (1965) regarded P. involutus as an introduced species in Chile. However, the strict association of P. involutus with exotic trees in Australia (Cleland, 1934) and New Zealand strongly suggests that it is not indigenous to these two countries. The mycorrhizal status of P. involutus is uncertain. Singer (1964) considered it to be facultatively mycorrhizal and remarked that while it generally occurred in the shade of trees, it did not necessarily form mycorrhizas with them. Singer and Moser (1965) later regarded the species as transitionally mycorrhizal and capable of living either as a mycorrhizal fungus or independently. The fact that P. involutus occurs only in association with introduced ectotrophs indicates that it is obligatorily mycorrhizal in this country. P. involutus is considered edible but of inferior quality. It has been reported to cause poisonings in Europe and it is now thought necessary to boil the fruitbodies and discard the liquid before eating (Singer, 1962).

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Rujukan: [1]

Habitat atau konteks temuan

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Substrat

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Peran atau konteks

Mitra tumbuhan

Reproduksi

PILEUS: convex or occasionally umbonate when young, applanate, centrally depressed or shallowly infundibuliform at maturity, 4-12 cm diam., slightly to moderately viscid under wet conditions, otherwise dry, velutinate to subtomentose when young, sparsely felted to subglabrous at maturity, often areolately creviced, brownish fawn, ochraceous brown, rusty brown, or faintly olive brown, frequently mottled and with dark reddish brown stains; cuticle a trichodermium when young, composed of erect, filamentous hyphae with clamp connections and brown contents, terminal cells unspecialised, 4-8.5 µm. diam., becoming disorganised at maturity and hyphae obliquely ascending or repent; margins strongly involute and coarsely tomentose when young, irregularly involute and sparsely felted or subglabrous at maturity, often faintly radially sulcate when old.

Sebagian uraian ditampilkan dalam bahasa sumber; terjemahannya belum tersedia atau belum lolos pemeriksaan.

Rujukan: [1]

Catatan identitas dan cakupan

• Nama diterima mengikuti Catalogue of Life Base2026-09-11; uraian mempertahankan konsep dan nama sumber aslinya.
• Historical description as cited by BiotaNZ. Preserve explicit New Zealand/locality, host and specimen qualifiers. Distribution is the cited source scope, not a current global range.
• Impor dan terjemahan otomatis belum diperiksa editorial per profil. Struktur reproduktif yang disebutkan tidak membuktikan seluruh siklus hidup diketahui.
• Pengukuran pada uraian mengikuti spesimen, kultur, dan metode sumber; angka tidak diperluas ke semua populasi.

Melihat dengan konteks

Dokumentasi Paxillus involutus menurut asosiasi foto pada record takson iNaturalist. Kredit: Lorenz Wenner. Identitas mengikuti sumber; bukan penentuan spesimen independen.

Jenis

Fotografi

Kredit

(c) Lorenz Wenner, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Lorenz Wenner

Lisensi

CC BY 4.0

Sumber media

Buka entri sumber

Gambar menunjukkan objek menurut identifikasi sumber, bukan verifikasi independen spesimen oleh Fungi. Tidak ada skala baru yang ditambahkan.

Dokumentasi tambahan

Sumber profil

1. [1] McNabb, R.F.R. 1969: The Paxillaceae of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 7(4): 349-362. — Paxillus involutusBagian sumber: biota:1cb0ffd5-36b9-11d5-9548-00d0592d548c:1cb1979c-36b9-11d5-9548-00d0592d548c
   Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-12
   Teks sumber: CC BY 4.0 · McNabb, R.F.R. 1969: The Paxillaceae of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 7(4): 349-362.
2. [2] Catalogue of Life Base2026-09-11 — Paxillus involutusBagian sumber: ColDP NameUsage.tsv ID 75VQZ; accepted species; source 2073
   Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-12
3. [3] Dokumentasi visual — Paxillus involutusBagian sumber: Identitas mengikuti sumber dokumentasi; bukan penentuan spesimen independen.
   Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-17
   Media sumber: CC BY 4.0 · (c) Lorenz Wenner, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Lorenz Wenner
4. [4] Dokumentasi visual — Paxillus involutusBagian sumber: Identitas mengikuti sumber dokumentasi; bukan penentuan spesimen independen.
   Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-17
   Teks sumber: CC0 1.0 · no rights reserved, uploaded by Piermario Maculan