01 / Morfologi

Ciri dan struktur

The thallus of Thelotrema lepadinum forms a thin to rather thick crust, reaching up to about 2 mm in thickness. It is usually smooth but can be slightly uneven, and tends to be continuous rather than patchy. The surface is greyish fawn to pale ochre and lies mainly on the surface of the substrate. In vertical section, the medulla contains numerous calcium oxalate crystals, which are especially abundant in the thalline margin surrounding the apothecia. The apothecia are usually very numerous and more or less evenly scattered, typically 1–2 mm in diameter but occasionally as small as about 0.6 mm, and are immersed in small, hemispherical warts of the thallus. They are (urn-shaped), with a white ostiolar opening up to about 0.5 mm across and an entire . The is free from the surrounding thallus and can often be seen through the opening as a colourless, non-striate ring. The itself is blackish and frequently covered by a whitish to greyish , and is generally visible through an irregular opening in the inner exciple. The hymenium is relatively tall, usually 140–190 micrometres (μm) high but occasionally ranging from about 120 to 200 μm. The asci usually contain two to four ascospores, but in some cases may have only one or as many as eight. The ascospores are broadly spindle-shaped (), typically 60–135 × 15–25 μm but occasionally as small as about 30 × 10 μm or as large as about 150 × 33 μm, remain colourless at maturity, and usually have 10–15 transverse septa (sometimes as few as 8 or as many as 19) together with 1–3 longitudinal septa (occasionally up to 5). They show a weakly purple iodine reaction (I±) and are surrounded by a thick gelatinous sheath.

Sebagian uraian ditampilkan dalam bahasa sumber; terjemahannya belum tersedia atau belum lolos pemeriksaan.

Rujukan: [1]

Pengukuran mengikuti objek, spesimen atau kultur, dan metode yang disebutkan sumber. Baca uraian asli untuk konteks lengkap.

02 / Kehidupan

Habitat dan peran ekologis

In his revision of the Thelotrema lepadinum group, Salisbury regarded Thelotrema lepadinum as likely to be cosmopolitan in distribution. He cited type or other authentic material referable to this species from a range of regions, including South Carolina in the United States (Santee Canal), Sri Lanka (Peradeniya), New Zealand (Rangitoto Island, on Metrosideros tomentosa), and New South Wales in Australia (Katoomba). He also mentioned a morphologically similar collection from Tjibodas in Java whose spores showed a strong iodine reaction, and which he suggested might represent a different species. The 2001 work Lichens of North America suggests that the lichen's northern North American distribution is largely limited to the coastal areas; despite this restricted range, it is the most common Thelotrema species on the continent. In Europe, particularly in Britain and Ireland, Thelotrema lepadinum typically grows on smooth or slightly rough bark of deciduous trees, and only rarely on siliceous rock. In long-undisturbed, continuous woodland it can become very abundant, with more than 400 occupied trees per hectare recorded, and it is therefore used as a indicator of ancient woodland. Within this region it is scattered in suitable sites throughout Britain and Ireland.

Sebagian uraian ditampilkan dalam bahasa sumber; terjemahannya belum tersedia atau belum lolos pemeriksaan.

Rujukan: [1]

Habitat atau konteks temuan
hutan
Substrat
Informasi belum tersedia pada sumber rilis ini.
Peran atau konteks
Pembentuk liken
Temukan hubungan serupa
03 / Siklus hidup

Reproduksi

The asci usually contain two to four ascospores, but in some cases may have only one or as many as eight. The ascospores are broadly spindle-shaped (), typically 60–135 × 15–25 μm but occasionally as small as about 30 × 10 μm or as large as about 150 × 33 μm, remain colourless at maturity, and usually have 10–15 transverse septa (sometimes as few as 8 or as many as 19) together with 1–3 longitudinal septa (occasionally up to 5). They show a weakly purple iodine reaction (I±) and are surrounded by a thick gelatinous sheath. Standard spot tests on the thallus and medulla are negative (C−, K−, KC−, Pd−, UV−), and thin-layer chromatography has not detected lichen substances; however, internal crystals may sometimes give a K+ reaction, turning from yellow to red.

Sebagian uraian ditampilkan dalam bahasa sumber; terjemahannya belum tersedia atau belum lolos pemeriksaan.

Rujukan: [1]

Sinonim menurut acuan taksonomi rilis: Antrocarpum inclusum; Antrocarpum lepadinum; Endocarpon lepadinum; Endocarpon lepadinum var. scutelliforme; Lichen inclusus; Lichen lepadinus; Lichen opegraphus lepadinum; Lichen opegraphus var. scutelliforme; Parmelia lepadina; Pertusaria lepadina; Thelotrema inclusum; Thelotrema lepadinum f. rupestre; Thelotrema lepadinum var. inclusum; Thelotrema lepadinum var. rupestre; Thelotrema lepadinum var. scutelliforme; Thelotrema obconicum; Urceolaria lepadina; Volvaria lepadina
04 / Batas informasi

Catatan identitas dan cakupan

  • Nama diterima mengikuti Catalogue of Life Base2026-09-11; uraian mempertahankan konsep dan nama sumber aslinya.
  • Original geographic, specimen and life-cycle scope retained; source import awaits individual editorial review.
  • Impor dan terjemahan otomatis belum diperiksa editorial per profil. Struktur reproduktif yang disebutkan tidak membuktikan seluruh siklus hidup diketahui.
  • Pengukuran pada uraian mengikuti spesimen, kultur, dan metode sumber; angka tidak diperluas ke semua populasi.

Catatan distribusi dalam narasi mengikuti sumbernya. Dokumentasi spesimen atau foto mengikuti catatan sumber. Bukti wilayah Indonesia dan penilaian konservasi tidak disimpulkan dari gambar.

05 / Dokumentasi

Melihat dengan konteks

Dokumentasi Thelotrema lepadinum menurut asosiasi foto pada record takson iNaturalist. Kredit: Sim Elliott. Identitas mengikuti sumber; bukan penentuan spesimen independen.

Jenis
Fotografi
Kredit
no rights reserved, uploaded by Sim Elliott
Lisensi
CC0 1.0
Sumber media
Buka entri sumber

Gambar menunjukkan objek menurut identifikasi sumber, bukan verifikasi independen spesimen oleh Fungi. Tidak ada skala baru yang ditambahkan.

Dokumentasi tambahan

Foto yang diasosiasikan dengan Thelotrema lepadinum pada iNaturalist

Foto yang diasosiasikan dengan Thelotrema lepadinum pada iNaturalist. Identifikasi mengikuti sumber; bukan penentuan spesimen independen.

Fotografi · Sumber gambar · CC BY 4.0

Kredit dan penggunaan

(c) Aurelijus Narbutas, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Aurelijus Narbutas

Ukuran dan format gambar disesuaikan tanpa pemotongan, retus, atau penambahan skala. Lisensi sumber dipertahankan.

Foto yang diasosiasikan dengan Thelotrema lepadinum pada iNaturalist

Foto yang diasosiasikan dengan Thelotrema lepadinum pada iNaturalist. Identifikasi mengikuti sumber; bukan penentuan spesimen independen.

Fotografi · Sumber gambar · CC BY 4.0

Kredit dan penggunaan

(c) Ditte Grube Barild, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Ditte Grube Barild

Ukuran dan format gambar disesuaikan tanpa pemotongan, retus, atau penambahan skala. Lisensi sumber dipertahankan.

06 / Rujukan

Sumber profil

  1. [1] Thelotrema lepadinum — Wikipedia (en)Bagian sumber: Frozen revision 1353397561
    Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-12
    Teks sumber: CC BY-SA4.0 · Wikipedia contributors
  2. [2] Catalogue of Life Base2026-09-11 — Thelotrema lepadinumBagian sumber: ColDP NameUsage.tsv ID 568YY; accepted species; source 2073
    Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-12
  3. [3] Dokumentasi visual — Thelotrema lepadinumBagian sumber: Identitas mengikuti sumber dokumentasi; bukan penentuan spesimen independen.
    Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-17
    Media sumber: CC0 1.0 · no rights reserved, uploaded by Sim Elliott
  4. [4] Dokumentasi visual — Thelotrema lepadinumBagian sumber: Identitas mengikuti sumber dokumentasi; bukan penentuan spesimen independen.
    Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-17
    Teks sumber: CC BY 4.0 · (c) Aurelijus Narbutas, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Aurelijus Narbutas
  5. [5] Dokumentasi visual — Thelotrema lepadinumBagian sumber: Identitas mengikuti sumber dokumentasi; bukan penentuan spesimen independen.
    Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-17
    Teks sumber: CC BY 4.0 · (c) Ditte Grube Barild, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by Ditte Grube Barild

Adaptasi teks: CC BY-SA 4.0. Wikipedia contributors — Thelotrema lepadinum — Wikipedia (en)

Uraian asli dan riwayat sumber

Riwayat atau halaman sumber

Ringkasan sumber

Thelotrema lepadinum is a species of crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae. Commonly known as bark barnacles, it forms a greyish crust on tree bark, dotted with numerous small, urn-shaped fruiting bodies that have distinctive white-rimmed openings. The lichen is found worldwide on smooth-barked deciduous trees, and in Europe it serves as an indicator of ancient woodland due to its preference for long-undisturbed forests. First described by the Swedish lichenologist Erik Acharius in 1799, the species has been reclassified multiple times throughout its taxonomic history.

Revisi sumber

Morfologi sumber

The thallus of Thelotrema lepadinum forms a thin to rather thick crust, reaching up to about 2 mm in thickness. It is usually smooth but can be slightly uneven, and tends to be continuous rather than patchy. The surface is greyish fawn to pale ochre and lies mainly on the surface of the substrate. In vertical section, the medulla contains numerous calcium oxalate crystals, which are especially abundant in the thalline margin surrounding the apothecia. The apothecia are usually very numerous and more or less evenly scattered, typically 1–2 mm in diameter but occasionally as small as about 0.6 mm, and are immersed in small, hemispherical warts of the thallus. They are (urn-shaped), with a white ostiolar opening up to about 0.5 mm across and an entire . The is free from the surrounding thallus and can often be seen through the opening as a colourless, non-striate ring. The itself is blackish and frequently covered by a whitish to greyish , and is generally visible through an irregular opening in the inner exciple. The hymenium is relatively tall, usually 140–190 micrometres (μm) high but occasionally ranging from about 120 to 200 μm. The asci usually contain two to four ascospores, but in some cases may have only one or as many as eight. The ascospores are broadly spindle-shaped (), typically 60–135 × 15–25 μm but occasionally as small as about 30 × 10 μm or as large as about 150 × 33 μm, remain colourless at maturity, and usually have 10–15 transverse septa (sometimes as few as 8 or as many as 19) together with 1–3 longitudinal septa (occasionally up to 5). They show a weakly purple iodine reaction (I±) and are surrounded by a thick gelatinous sheath.

Revisi sumber

Ekologi sumber

In his revision of the Thelotrema lepadinum group, Salisbury regarded Thelotrema lepadinum as likely to be cosmopolitan in distribution. He cited type or other authentic material referable to this species from a range of regions, including South Carolina in the United States (Santee Canal), Sri Lanka (Peradeniya), New Zealand (Rangitoto Island, on Metrosideros tomentosa), and New South Wales in Australia (Katoomba). He also mentioned a morphologically similar collection from Tjibodas in Java whose spores showed a strong iodine reaction, and which he suggested might represent a different species. The 2001 work Lichens of North America suggests that the lichen's northern North American distribution is largely limited to the coastal areas; despite this restricted range, it is the most common Thelotrema species on the continent. In Europe, particularly in Britain and Ireland, Thelotrema lepadinum typically grows on smooth or slightly rough bark of deciduous trees, and only rarely on siliceous rock. In long-undisturbed, continuous woodland it can become very abundant, with more than 400 occupied trees per hectare recorded, and it is therefore used as a indicator of ancient woodland. Within this region it is scattered in suitable sites throughout Britain and Ireland.

Revisi sumber

Struktur reproduksi sumber

The asci usually contain two to four ascospores, but in some cases may have only one or as many as eight. The ascospores are broadly spindle-shaped (), typically 60–135 × 15–25 μm but occasionally as small as about 30 × 10 μm or as large as about 150 × 33 μm, remain colourless at maturity, and usually have 10–15 transverse septa (sometimes as few as 8 or as many as 19) together with 1–3 longitudinal septa (occasionally up to 5). They show a weakly purple iodine reaction (I±) and are surrounded by a thick gelatinous sheath. Standard spot tests on the thallus and medulla are negative (C−, K−, KC−, Pd−, UV−), and thin-layer chromatography has not detected lichen substances; however, internal crystals may sometimes give a K+ reaction, turning from yellow to red.

Revisi sumber

Rujukan halaman ini

Fungi. Thelotrema lepadinum. Rilis data fungi-2026-10-12-expansion-2. https://fungi-atlas.mgadib.chatgpt.site/jamur/thelotrema-lepadinum/.

Status: impor sumber; pemeriksaan editorial per profil belum selesai. Untuk klaim biologis, gunakan rujukan pada bagian terkait dan periksa konteks sumber aslinya.