01 / Morfologi

Ciri dan struktur

The thallus is shrubby and bushy (fruticose), often a vivid lemon yellow to chartreuse green, typically with darker brown to blackened branch tips and a paler (often whitish) base. Mature thalli are commonly 5 – 20 cm long and 4 – 8 cm wide, with coarse branches that are usually 1–3 mm wide near the base. Branches are round or more often angular-ridged in cross-section, irregularly branched overall but tending towards roughly equal (dichotomous) forking near the tips. The ridges bear pseudocyphellae (small pores or breaks in the outer skin, or ), which in turn usually carry small vegetative propagules (isidia) that may be sparse or dense. These are typically globular to weakly cylindrical and about 0.1–0.3 mm long, and may later be replaced by weakly corticate outgrowths (gymnidia). Apothecia (fruiting bodies) are reported as rare and usually appear late in development, generally on large thalli. They are typically 0.75–1.50 mm across (occasionally larger), with a pale to dark brown that is strongly concave when young. The is raised and when young and may have few (or no) short fibrils. The underside of the margin is strongly pitted and sorediate. Ascospores are , hyaline, ellipsoid, and measured at 5–7 × 3–4 μm. Pycnidia are also rare, and conidia were reported as straight and 7–9 × 1 μm. The cortex contains vulpinic acid and atranorin, and the hymenium of the apothecia contains norstictic acid.

Sebagian uraian ditampilkan dalam bahasa sumber; terjemahannya belum tersedia atau belum lolos pemeriksaan.

Rujukan: [1]

Pengukuran mengikuti objek, spesimen atau kultur, dan metode yang disebutkan sumber. Baca uraian asli untuk konteks lengkap.

02 / Kehidupan

Habitat dan peran ekologis

In western North America, Letharia lupina is widely distributed and, in the authors' assessment, is encountered more often than L. vulpina s. str.; sequenced material in their study identified L. lupina as the predominant lineage among North American samples. It is also the more widespread of the two lineages in North America, extending east of the Continental Divide into Alberta and Saskatchewan and southwards through parts of the interior western United States (including Montana, Wyoming, south-western South Dakota, Utah, and Nevada). In mountainous regions it spans a broad elevational range, from valley bottoms to treeline, roughly 190 – 3370 m. It has also been reported from Veracruz in eastern Mexico. In North America, the lineage later described as L. lupina was reported as most common in the interior western mountains, whereas L. vulpina more often occurs in warmer coastal mountains near the Pacific, although the two can occur together locally. The species commonly grows on old fence posts and on the bare (decorticated) trunks and branches of conifers (especially Pinus), but also occurs on conifer bark, including that of Abies, Calocedrus, Picea, and Pseudotsuga. On hardwoods it most often colonizes exposed wood (reported from Arbutus, Arctostaphylos, Populus and Salix), but it has also been observed on bark-covered (corticated) branches of Betula and Quercus.

Sebagian uraian ditampilkan dalam bahasa sumber; terjemahannya belum tersedia atau belum lolos pemeriksaan.

Rujukan: [1]

Habitat atau konteks temuan
Informasi belum tersedia pada sumber rilis ini.
Substrat
kulit kayu
Peran atau konteks
Pembentuk liken
Temukan hubungan serupa
03 / Siklus hidup

Reproduksi

The thallus is shrubby and bushy (fruticose), often a vivid lemon yellow to chartreuse green, typically with darker brown to blackened branch tips and a paler (often whitish) base. Mature thalli are commonly 5 – 20 cm long and 4 – 8 cm wide, with coarse branches that are usually 1–3 mm wide near the base. Branches are round or more often angular-ridged in cross-section, irregularly branched overall but tending towards roughly equal (dichotomous) forking near the tips. The ridges bear pseudocyphellae (small pores or breaks in the outer skin, or ), which in turn usually carry small vegetative propagules (isidia) that may be sparse or dense. These are typically globular to weakly cylindrical and about 0.1–0.3 mm long, and may later be replaced by weakly corticate outgrowths (gymnidia).

Sebagian uraian ditampilkan dalam bahasa sumber; terjemahannya belum tersedia atau belum lolos pemeriksaan.

Rujukan: [1]

04 / Batas informasi

Catatan identitas dan cakupan

  • Nama diterima mengikuti Catalogue of Life Base2026-09-11; uraian mempertahankan konsep dan nama sumber aslinya.
  • Original geographic, specimen and life-cycle scope retained; source import awaits individual editorial review.
  • Impor dan terjemahan otomatis belum diperiksa editorial per profil. Struktur reproduktif yang disebutkan tidak membuktikan seluruh siklus hidup diketahui.
  • Pengukuran pada uraian mengikuti spesimen, kultur, dan metode sumber; angka tidak diperluas ke semua populasi.

Catatan distribusi dalam narasi mengikuti sumbernya. Dokumentasi spesimen atau foto mengikuti catatan sumber. Bukti wilayah Indonesia dan penilaian konservasi tidak disimpulkan dari gambar.

05 / Dokumentasi

Melihat dengan konteks

Dokumentasi Letharia lupina dari Wikimedia Commons. Letharia lupina in ed. 20090601.3 Wells Gray Provincial Park, BC Identifikasi mengikuti record berkas sumber.

Jenis
Fotografi
Kredit
Jason Hollinger
Lisensi
CC BY 2.0
Sumber media
Buka entri sumber

Gambar menunjukkan objek menurut identifikasi sumber, bukan verifikasi independen spesimen oleh Fungi. Tidak ada skala baru yang ditambahkan.

06 / Rujukan

Sumber profil

  1. [1] Letharia lupina — Wikipedia (en)Bagian sumber: Frozen revision 1341958747
    Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-12
    Teks sumber: CC BY-SA4.0 · Wikipedia contributors
  2. [2] Catalogue of Life Base2026-09-11 — Letharia lupinaBagian sumber: ColDP NameUsage.tsv ID 6PQJR; accepted species; source 2073
    Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-12
  3. [3] Dokumentasi visual — Letharia lupinaBagian sumber: Individual media record; identification follows the source, not independent determination
    Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-12
    Media sumber: CC BY 2.0 · Jason Hollinger

Adaptasi teks: CC BY-SA 4.0. Wikipedia contributors — Letharia lupina — Wikipedia (en)

Uraian asli dan riwayat sumber

Riwayat atau halaman sumber

Ringkasan sumber

Letharia lupina is a species of lichen-forming fungus in the family Parmeliaceae. Commonly known as wolf lichen, it is a bright yellow-green, shrubby lichen that was split from Letharia vulpina in 2016 because, despite looking nearly identical, DNA evidence showed they are distinct lineages. It is widely distributed in western North America, where it grows on the wood and bark of conifers and other trees from valley floors to treeline. The thallus is rich in vulpinic acid, a toxic yellow pigment historically used in wolf baits in northern Europe.

Revisi sumber

Morfologi sumber

The thallus is shrubby and bushy (fruticose), often a vivid lemon yellow to chartreuse green, typically with darker brown to blackened branch tips and a paler (often whitish) base. Mature thalli are commonly 5 – 20 cm long and 4 – 8 cm wide, with coarse branches that are usually 1–3 mm wide near the base. Branches are round or more often angular-ridged in cross-section, irregularly branched overall but tending towards roughly equal (dichotomous) forking near the tips. The ridges bear pseudocyphellae (small pores or breaks in the outer skin, or ), which in turn usually carry small vegetative propagules (isidia) that may be sparse or dense. These are typically globular to weakly cylindrical and about 0.1–0.3 mm long, and may later be replaced by weakly corticate outgrowths (gymnidia). Apothecia (fruiting bodies) are reported as rare and usually appear late in development, generally on large thalli. They are typically 0.75–1.50 mm across (occasionally larger), with a pale to dark brown that is strongly concave when young. The is raised and when young and may have few (or no) short fibrils. The underside of the margin is strongly pitted and sorediate. Ascospores are , hyaline, ellipsoid, and measured at 5–7 × 3–4 μm. Pycnidia are also rare, and conidia were reported as straight and 7–9 × 1 μm. The cortex contains vulpinic acid and atranorin, and the hymenium of the apothecia contains norstictic acid.

Revisi sumber

Ekologi sumber

In western North America, Letharia lupina is widely distributed and, in the authors' assessment, is encountered more often than L. vulpina s. str.; sequenced material in their study identified L. lupina as the predominant lineage among North American samples. It is also the more widespread of the two lineages in North America, extending east of the Continental Divide into Alberta and Saskatchewan and southwards through parts of the interior western United States (including Montana, Wyoming, south-western South Dakota, Utah, and Nevada). In mountainous regions it spans a broad elevational range, from valley bottoms to treeline, roughly 190 – 3370 m. It has also been reported from Veracruz in eastern Mexico. In North America, the lineage later described as L. lupina was reported as most common in the interior western mountains, whereas L. vulpina more often occurs in warmer coastal mountains near the Pacific, although the two can occur together locally. The species commonly grows on old fence posts and on the bare (decorticated) trunks and branches of conifers (especially Pinus), but also occurs on conifer bark, including that of Abies, Calocedrus, Picea, and Pseudotsuga. On hardwoods it most often colonizes exposed wood (reported from Arbutus, Arctostaphylos, Populus and Salix), but it has also been observed on bark-covered (corticated) branches of Betula and Quercus.

Revisi sumber

Struktur reproduksi sumber

The thallus is shrubby and bushy (fruticose), often a vivid lemon yellow to chartreuse green, typically with darker brown to blackened branch tips and a paler (often whitish) base. Mature thalli are commonly 5 – 20 cm long and 4 – 8 cm wide, with coarse branches that are usually 1–3 mm wide near the base. Branches are round or more often angular-ridged in cross-section, irregularly branched overall but tending towards roughly equal (dichotomous) forking near the tips. The ridges bear pseudocyphellae (small pores or breaks in the outer skin, or ), which in turn usually carry small vegetative propagules (isidia) that may be sparse or dense. These are typically globular to weakly cylindrical and about 0.1–0.3 mm long, and may later be replaced by weakly corticate outgrowths (gymnidia).

Revisi sumber

Rujukan halaman ini

Fungi. Letharia lupina. Rilis data fungi-2026-10-12-expansion-2. https://fungi-atlas.mgadib.chatgpt.site/jamur/letharia-lupina/.

Status: impor sumber; pemeriksaan editorial per profil belum selesai. Untuk klaim biologis, gunakan rujukan pada bagian terkait dan periksa konteks sumber aslinya.