01 / Morfologi

Ciri dan struktur

The foliose thallus of Solorina crocea forms large rosettes comprising thick, rounded lobes; it typically measures up to 6 cm broad, although measurements up to 10 cm have been recorded. It is usually tightly pressed to its growing surface. The lobes comprising the thallus are 5 – 15 mm wide with slightly upturned edges; their outline varies from irregular to rounded. The upper thallus surface, when moist, is olive green; in less hydrated conditions it becomes reddish brown. The lower thallus surface is bright orange with a tomentose texture and a somewhat reticulate pattern of brownish veins. Lacking a cortex (an outer layer of compacted hyphae), it resembles a mat of orange-coloured, entangled threads. The medulla is orange. Isidia and soredia are absent. The distinctive colouration of the upper and lower surface make this lichen readily identifiable, although in the field the colour difference may not be easy to discern if the lichen is tightly attached to its substrate. The brown to reddish-brown apothecia measure 2 – 10 mm in diameter. They are either more or less level with the cortex or somewhat convex, rather than in concave depressions, as is the case with some other Solorina species. The photobiont partners of Solorina crocea are arranged in two distinct layers in the thallus. A more or less continuous layer with green algae lies above a patchy cyanobacterial layer. There are six to eight ascospores in each ascus of Solorina crocea. They are brown with an ellipsoid shape, and contain a single transverse septum that divides the spore into two compartments. Based on a sampling of European specimens, the ascospores were measured to be an average of 11.0 μm wide (ranging from 8.4 to 21.2 μm) by 39.0 μm long (ranging from 26.6 to 51.1 μm).

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Rujukan: [1]

Pengukuran mengikuti objek, spesimen atau kultur, dan metode yang disebutkan sumber. Baca uraian asli untuk konteks lengkap.

02 / Kehidupan

Habitat dan peran ekologis

In North America its range extends from polar regions in alpine to subalpine habitats south to California and New Mexico. European countries in which the lichen has been recorded include Andorra, Austria, Bulgaria, Spain, Iceland, and Finland. In the UK, it occurs in the Scottish Highlands, and it is represented by a single record from Ireland. Its distribution in Italy is limited to the high-altitude Alps and the northern Apennines. In India, it is known from the Himalayas regions (Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim). Its range extends to the Eastern Himalayas, as it has been recorded from Xizang in Tibet at an altitude of 4820 m. In New Zealand, it has been collected from Mount Peel at an altitude of 1350 m. Recorded habitats for the lichen include boulder fields, leached windswept ridges, and areas of solifluction. In Iceland, Solorina crocea occurs in Salix herbacea snowbeds and north-facing slopes with abundant grasses and sedges. Generally, the lichen occurs on the bare ground in sandy soil. It grows in soils that are both acid-rich and base-rich as a result of seepage from late-lying snow patches.

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Rujukan: [1]

Habitat atau konteks temuan
Informasi belum tersedia pada sumber rilis ini.
Substrat
Informasi belum tersedia pada sumber rilis ini.
Peran atau konteks
Pembentuk liken
Temukan hubungan serupa
03 / Siklus hidup

Reproduksi

The foliose thallus of Solorina crocea forms large rosettes comprising thick, rounded lobes; it typically measures up to 6 cm broad, although measurements up to 10 cm have been recorded. It is usually tightly pressed to its growing surface. The lobes comprising the thallus are 5 – 15 mm wide with slightly upturned edges; their outline varies from irregular to rounded. The upper thallus surface, when moist, is olive green; in less hydrated conditions it becomes reddish brown. The lower thallus surface is bright orange with a tomentose texture and a somewhat reticulate pattern of brownish veins. Lacking a cortex (an outer layer of compacted hyphae), it resembles a mat of orange-coloured, entangled threads.

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Rujukan: [1]

Sinonim menurut acuan taksonomi rilis: Arthonia crocea; Lichen croceus; Parmelia crocea; Peltidea crocea; Peltigera crocea
04 / Batas informasi

Catatan identitas dan cakupan

  • Nama diterima mengikuti Catalogue of Life Base2026-09-11; uraian mempertahankan konsep dan nama sumber aslinya.
  • Original geographic, specimen and life-cycle scope retained; source import awaits individual editorial review.
  • Impor dan terjemahan otomatis belum diperiksa editorial per profil. Struktur reproduktif yang disebutkan tidak membuktikan seluruh siklus hidup diketahui.
  • Pengukuran pada uraian mengikuti spesimen, kultur, dan metode sumber; angka tidak diperluas ke semua populasi.

Catatan distribusi dalam narasi mengikuti sumbernya. Dokumentasi spesimen atau foto mengikuti catatan sumber. Bukti wilayah Indonesia dan penilaian konservasi tidak disimpulkan dari gambar.

05 / Dokumentasi

Melihat dengan konteks

Dokumentasi Solorina crocea dari Wikimedia Commons. Solorina crocea (L.) Ach. 20090531.7 Wells Gray Provincial Park, BC Identifikasi mengikuti record berkas sumber.

Jenis
Fotografi
Kredit
Jason Hollinger
Lisensi
CC BY 2.0
Sumber media
Buka entri sumber

Gambar menunjukkan objek menurut identifikasi sumber, bukan verifikasi independen spesimen oleh Fungi. Tidak ada skala baru yang ditambahkan.

Dokumentasi tambahan

Pelat ilmiah Solorina crocea menurut sumber

Solorina crocea ((A): Bruce McCune 18613 KUN, (B – G): Theodoer Esslinger 11831 KUN); (A), foliose thallus when dry; (B), smooth margin of the lobe; (C), upper surface of the apothecium; (D), bright orange lower surface distinctly brownish veined; (E), transversal sections of the thallus; (F), transversal sections of the apothecium; (G), ascus. Scale bars: 10 mm (A); 5 mm (B); 3 mm (C, D); 100 µm (E); 400 µm (F); 40 µm (G).

Pelat ilmiah · Sumber gambar · CC BY 4.0

Kredit dan penggunaan

© 2025 by the authors.

Ukuran dan format gambar disesuaikan tanpa pemotongan, retus, atau penambahan skala. Lisensi sumber dipertahankan.

06 / Rujukan

Sumber profil

  1. [1] Solorina crocea — Wikipedia (en)Bagian sumber: Frozen revision 1330476209
    Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-12
    Teks sumber: CC BY-SA4.0 · Wikipedia contributors
  2. [2] Catalogue of Life Base2026-09-11 — Solorina croceaBagian sumber: ColDP NameUsage.tsv ID 4Y82N; accepted species; source 2073
    Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-12
  3. [3] Dokumentasi visual — Solorina croceaBagian sumber: Identitas mengikuti sumber dokumentasi; bukan penentuan spesimen independen.
    Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-17
    Media sumber: CC BY 2.0 · Jason Hollinger
  4. [4] Dokumentasi visual — Solorina croceaBagian sumber: Identitas mengikuti sumber dokumentasi; bukan penentuan spesimen independen.
    Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-17
    Teks sumber: CC BY 4.0 · © 2025 by the authors.

Adaptasi teks: CC BY-SA 4.0. Wikipedia contributors — Solorina crocea — Wikipedia (en)

Uraian asli dan riwayat sumber

Riwayat atau halaman sumber

Ringkasan sumber

Solorina crocea, commonly known as the orange chocolate chip lichen, is a species of terricolous (ground-dwelling) and foliose (leafy) lichen in the family Peltigeraceae. The lichen, which was first formally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, has an arctic–alpine and circumpolar distribution and occurs in Asia, Europe, North America, and New Zealand. It generally grows on the bare ground in sandy soils, often in moist soil near snow patches or seepage areas. Although several forms and varieties of the lichen have been proposed in its history, these are not considered to have any independent taxonomic significance.

Revisi sumber

Morfologi sumber

The foliose thallus of Solorina crocea forms large rosettes comprising thick, rounded lobes; it typically measures up to 6 cm broad, although measurements up to 10 cm have been recorded. It is usually tightly pressed to its growing surface. The lobes comprising the thallus are 5 – 15 mm wide with slightly upturned edges; their outline varies from irregular to rounded. The upper thallus surface, when moist, is olive green; in less hydrated conditions it becomes reddish brown. The lower thallus surface is bright orange with a tomentose texture and a somewhat reticulate pattern of brownish veins. Lacking a cortex (an outer layer of compacted hyphae), it resembles a mat of orange-coloured, entangled threads. The medulla is orange. Isidia and soredia are absent. The distinctive colouration of the upper and lower surface make this lichen readily identifiable, although in the field the colour difference may not be easy to discern if the lichen is tightly attached to its substrate. The brown to reddish-brown apothecia measure 2 – 10 mm in diameter. They are either more or less level with the cortex or somewhat convex, rather than in concave depressions, as is the case with some other Solorina species. The photobiont partners of Solorina crocea are arranged in two distinct layers in the thallus. A more or less continuous layer with green algae lies above a patchy cyanobacterial layer. There are six to eight ascospores in each ascus of Solorina crocea. They are brown with an ellipsoid shape, and contain a single transverse septum that divides the spore into two compartments. Based on a sampling of European specimens, the ascospores were measured to be an average of 11.0 μm wide (ranging from 8.4 to 21.2 μm) by 39.0 μm long (ranging from 26.6 to 51.1 μm).

Revisi sumber

Ekologi sumber

In North America its range extends from polar regions in alpine to subalpine habitats south to California and New Mexico. European countries in which the lichen has been recorded include Andorra, Austria, Bulgaria, Spain, Iceland, and Finland. In the UK, it occurs in the Scottish Highlands, and it is represented by a single record from Ireland. Its distribution in Italy is limited to the high-altitude Alps and the northern Apennines. In India, it is known from the Himalayas regions (Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim). Its range extends to the Eastern Himalayas, as it has been recorded from Xizang in Tibet at an altitude of 4820 m. In New Zealand, it has been collected from Mount Peel at an altitude of 1350 m. Recorded habitats for the lichen include boulder fields, leached windswept ridges, and areas of solifluction. In Iceland, Solorina crocea occurs in Salix herbacea snowbeds and north-facing slopes with abundant grasses and sedges. Generally, the lichen occurs on the bare ground in sandy soil. It grows in soils that are both acid-rich and base-rich as a result of seepage from late-lying snow patches.

Revisi sumber

Struktur reproduksi sumber

The foliose thallus of Solorina crocea forms large rosettes comprising thick, rounded lobes; it typically measures up to 6 cm broad, although measurements up to 10 cm have been recorded. It is usually tightly pressed to its growing surface. The lobes comprising the thallus are 5 – 15 mm wide with slightly upturned edges; their outline varies from irregular to rounded. The upper thallus surface, when moist, is olive green; in less hydrated conditions it becomes reddish brown. The lower thallus surface is bright orange with a tomentose texture and a somewhat reticulate pattern of brownish veins. Lacking a cortex (an outer layer of compacted hyphae), it resembles a mat of orange-coloured, entangled threads.

Revisi sumber

Rujukan halaman ini

Fungi. Solorina crocea. Rilis data fungi-2026-10-12-expansion-2. https://fungi-atlas.mgadib.chatgpt.site/jamur/solorina-crocea/.

Status: impor sumber; pemeriksaan editorial per profil belum selesai. Untuk klaim biologis, gunakan rujukan pada bagian terkait dan periksa konteks sumber aslinya.