Verrucula arnoldaria

Ciri dan struktur

The lichen forms a thallus that is or -areolate, meaning it consists of small, separate or clustered patches () that somewhat preserve the appearance of its host. The areoles measure 0.1–0.8 mm (occasionally up to 1 mm) across, have flat surfaces initially but develop into convex, very convex, or even somewhat globular structures as they mature. They are typically 0.1–0.4 mm thick and covered with a distinctive whitish-grey crystalline powdery coating (). The margins and undersides of the areoles range in colour from light brown to blackish. Under microscopic examination, the lichen shows a layered structure. The (outer protective layer) consists of a pigmented layer 10–12 μm thick made up of 1–2 layers of cells with very light to light brown walls, topped by a 5–11 μm thick layer of dead cells that is occasionally absent in places. This is covered by a layer of thick crystals that may also be absent in some areas. The , containing photosynthetic partner cells, is 55–80 μm thick with algal cells measuring (7)8–15.5 μm in diameter. The medulla (inner layer) does not react with iodine (J–), measures 100–300 μm thick, and consists of filamentous hyphae (fungal threads) that are generally not very dense, with abundant large crystals and occasionally abundant brown necrotic parts of the host. The reproductive structures (ascomata or "fruiting bodies") measure approximately 200–240 μm in diameter and are either completely embedded within the thallus or slightly protruding when fully developed. They appear in groups of 1–4 within the areoles and are visible from above due to their blackish-brown or black periostiolar area (the area surrounding the opening of the fruiting body).

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Rujukan: [1]

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Habitat dan peran ekologis

Verrucula arnoldaria has specific habitat preferences, typically growing on calcareous rock formations. It favours surfaces that are sheltered from direct rainfall and water runoff, particularly on overhanging rock faces (subcorvels). The species shows a preference for compact limestone and dolomitic substrates. In the documented locations, it has been found on various types of calcareous rock including Burdigalian molasse (a type of sandstone with calcareous cement), dolomitic limestone, and Upper Jurassic limestone (specifically in the Tithonian facies). The lichen often grows on rock faces with specific orientations, frequently facing north, northeast, east, or south-southeast, and typically on very steep surfaces with inclinations of 90–110° (vertical to slightly overhanging). The known distribution of Verrucula arnoldaria is limited to southern France and northeastern Spain. In France, specimens have been collected from multiple locations in Provence, including sites in the departments of Vaucluse, Bouches-du-Rhône, as well as from Languedoc and Saône-et-Loire in east-central France. In Spain, the species has been documented in Catalonia, specifically in the province of Tarragona (Serra de Prades).

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Habitat atau konteks temuan

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Substrat

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Peran atau konteks

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Reproduksi

The reproductive structures (ascomata or "fruiting bodies") measure approximately 200–240 μm in diameter and are either completely embedded within the thallus or slightly protruding when fully developed. They appear in groups of 1–4 within the areoles and are visible from above due to their blackish-brown or black periostiolar area (the area surrounding the opening of the fruiting body). The (the outer wall of the fruiting body) is 25–35 μm thick at the base and colourless, with only the external periostiolar part being brown. The (sterile filaments between the asci) measure 15–30 by 1.5–3 μm. The asci (spore-producing structures) are 42–60 by 15–20 μm in size. The spores are ellipsoid, measuring 10–11.4–13 by 6.5–6.9–7.5 μm, with a length-to-width ratio of 1.4–1.7–2.0.

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Rujukan: [1]

Catatan identitas dan cakupan

• Nama diterima mengikuti Catalogue of Life Base2026-09-11; uraian mempertahankan konsep dan nama sumber aslinya.
• Original geographic, specimen and life-cycle scope retained; source import awaits individual editorial review.
• Impor dan terjemahan otomatis belum diperiksa editorial per profil. Struktur reproduktif yang disebutkan tidak membuktikan seluruh siklus hidup diketahui.
• Pengukuran pada uraian mengikuti spesimen, kultur, dan metode sumber; angka tidak diperluas ke semua populasi.

Melihat dengan konteks

Dokumentasi Verrucula arnoldaria dari Wikimedia Commons. Verrucula arnoldaria (Mirabeau, Hérault, Provence, France) Identifikasi mengikuti record berkas sumber.

Jenis

Fotografi

Kredit

Jymm

Lisensi

CC BY-SA 4.0

Sumber media

Buka entri sumber

Gambar menunjukkan objek menurut identifikasi sumber, bukan verifikasi independen spesimen oleh Fungi. Tidak ada skala baru yang ditambahkan.

Sumber profil

1. [1] Verrucula arnoldaria — Wikipedia (en)Bagian sumber: Frozen revision 1288927642
   Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-12
   Teks sumber: CC BY-SA4.0 · Wikipedia contributors
2. [2] Catalogue of Life Base2026-09-11 — Verrucula arnoldariaBagian sumber: ColDP NameUsage.tsv ID 5B8P7; accepted species; source 2073
   Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-12
3. [3] Dokumentasi visual — Verrucula arnoldariaBagian sumber: Individual media record; identification follows the source, not independent determination
   Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-12
   Media sumber: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Jymm