01 / Morfologi

Ciri dan struktur

Thallus orbicular when substrate allows, to spreading, 2-10 cm diam., variously lobed. Lobes ascending at apices, often imbricate, rather thin, margins entire or ± lobulate. Upper surface smooth, shining, yellowish-green (usnic acid) or yellow (in bright sunlight) or greenish-brown (in shade), wrinkled, cracked, undulate, without isidia, soredia, maculae or pseudocyphellae. Lower surface pale creamish or buff to brown, smooth or wrinkled, whitish at margins. Apothecia round to reniform or rarely shallowly lobed, disc red-brown, matt or shining, smooth, margins entire, pale, slightly raised, upper surface areolate-scabrid. Ascospores pale reddish-brown, 3-septate, 17-22 × 5-7 µm. Chemistry: Two chemodemes are present in New Zealand populations. (i): Usnic acid, zeorin, 2 unidentified compounds (?terpenes). (ii): Usnic acid, zeorin, hypostictic and hyposalazinic acids. [See Moroney et al., Phytochemistry 20: 787-789 (1981)].

Sebagian uraian ditampilkan dalam bahasa sumber; terjemahannya belum tersedia atau belum lolos pemeriksaan.

Rujukan: [1]

Pengukuran mengikuti objek, spesimen atau kultur, dan metode yang disebutkan sumber. Baca uraian asli untuk konteks lengkap.

02 / Kehidupan

Habitat dan peran ekologis

Nephroma australe is a species of foliose lichen in the family Peltigeraceae. It was formally described as a new species in 1832 by French botanist Achille Richard. It is found in cool temperate rainforests of Australasia and southern South America and has a wide distribution in New Zealand, including Stewart and Chatham Islands. It is commonly found in Nothofagus forests, particularly on N. solandri var. cliffortioides and N. menziesii, especially in the South Island.

Sebagian uraian ditampilkan dalam bahasa sumber; terjemahannya belum tersedia atau belum lolos pemeriksaan.

Rujukan: [2]

Habitat atau konteks temuan
hutan
Substrat
Informasi belum tersedia pada sumber rilis ini.
Peran atau konteks
Pembentuk liken
Temukan hubungan serupa
03 / Siklus hidup

Reproduksi

Thallus orbicular when substrate allows, to spreading, 2-10 cm diam., variously lobed. Lobes ascending at apices, often imbricate, rather thin, margins entire or ± lobulate. Upper surface smooth, shining, yellowish-green (usnic acid) or yellow (in bright sunlight) or greenish-brown (in shade), wrinkled, cracked, undulate, without isidia, soredia, maculae or pseudocyphellae. Lower surface pale creamish or buff to brown, smooth or wrinkled, whitish at margins. Apothecia round to reniform or rarely shallowly lobed, disc red-brown, matt or shining, smooth, margins entire, pale, slightly raised, upper surface areolate-scabrid. Ascospores pale reddish-brown, 3-septate, 17-22 × 5-7 µm. Chemistry: Two chemodemes are present in New Zealand populations. (i): Usnic acid, zeorin, 2 unidentified compounds (?terpenes). (ii): Usnic acid, zeorin, hypostictic and hyposalazinic acids. [See Moroney et al., Phytochemistry 20: 787-789 (1981)].

Sebagian uraian ditampilkan dalam bahasa sumber; terjemahannya belum tersedia atau belum lolos pemeriksaan.

Rujukan: [1]

Sinonim menurut acuan taksonomi rilis: Lichen antarcticus; Nephroma antarcticum; Opisteria antarctica; Opisteria australis; Peltigera australis
04 / Batas informasi

Catatan identitas dan cakupan

  • Nama diterima mengikuti Catalogue of Life Base2026-09-11; uraian mempertahankan konsep dan nama sumber aslinya.
  • Uraian digabungkan dari sumber spesies yang sama; lingkup geografis, bahan, dan kultur setiap sumber dipertahankan. Historical description as cited by BiotaNZ. Preserve explicit New Zealand/locality, host and specimen qualifiers. Distribution is the cited source scope, not a current global range. Original geographic, specimen and life-cycle scope retained; source import awaits individual editorial review.
  • Impor dan terjemahan otomatis belum diperiksa editorial per profil. Struktur reproduktif yang disebutkan tidak membuktikan seluruh siklus hidup diketahui.
  • Pengukuran pada uraian mengikuti spesimen, kultur, dan metode sumber; angka tidak diperluas ke semua populasi.

Catatan distribusi dalam narasi mengikuti sumbernya. Dokumentasi spesimen atau foto mengikuti catatan sumber. Bukti wilayah Indonesia dan penilaian konservasi tidak disimpulkan dari gambar.

05 / Dokumentasi

Melihat dengan konteks

Dokumentasi Nephroma australe menurut asosiasi foto pada record takson iNaturalist. Kredit: John Steel. Identitas mengikuti sumber; bukan penentuan spesimen independen.

Jenis
Fotografi
Kredit
(c) John Steel, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by John Steel
Lisensi
CC BY 4.0
Sumber media
Buka entri sumber

Gambar menunjukkan objek menurut identifikasi sumber, bukan verifikasi independen spesimen oleh Fungi. Tidak ada skala baru yang ditambahkan.

Dokumentasi tambahan

Foto yang diasosiasikan dengan Nephroma australe pada iNaturalist

Foto yang diasosiasikan dengan Nephroma australe pada iNaturalist. Identifikasi mengikuti sumber; bukan penentuan spesimen independen.

Fotografi · Sumber gambar · CC BY 4.0

Kredit dan penggunaan

(c) Jon Sullivan, some rights reserved (CC BY)

Ukuran dan format gambar disesuaikan tanpa pemotongan, retus, atau penambahan skala. Lisensi sumber dipertahankan.

06 / Rujukan

Sumber profil

  1. [1] Galloway, D. J. 1985: Flora of New Zealand: Lichens. Government Printer, Wellington. — Nephroma australeBagian sumber: biota:82762755-cc7d-4cb0-8b36-4c4abd5608cb:81d7836d-42e4-41ba-9016-9b74eecbea3e
    Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-12
    Teks sumber: CC BY 4.0 · Galloway, D. J. 1985: Flora of New Zealand: Lichens. Government Printer, Wellington.
  2. [2] Nephroma australe — Wikipedia (en)Bagian sumber: Frozen revision 1309076935
    Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-12
    Teks sumber: CC BY-SA4.0 · Wikipedia contributors
  3. [3] Catalogue of Life Base2026-09-11 — Nephroma australeBagian sumber: ColDP NameUsage.tsv ID 4725D; accepted species; source 2073
    Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-12
  4. [4] Dokumentasi visual — Nephroma australeBagian sumber: Identitas mengikuti sumber dokumentasi; bukan penentuan spesimen independen.
    Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-17
    Media sumber: CC BY 4.0 · (c) John Steel, some rights reserved (CC BY), uploaded by John Steel
  5. [5] Dokumentasi visual — Nephroma australeBagian sumber: Identitas mengikuti sumber dokumentasi; bukan penentuan spesimen independen.
    Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-17
    Teks sumber: CC BY 4.0 · (c) Jon Sullivan, some rights reserved (CC BY)

Adaptasi teks: CC BY-SA 4.0. Galloway, D. J. 1985: Flora of New Zealand: Lichens. Government Printer, Wellington. — Galloway, D. J. 1985: Flora of New Zealand: Lichens. Government Printer, Wellington. — Nephroma australe; Wikipedia contributors — Nephroma australe — Wikipedia (en)

Uraian asli dan riwayat sumber

Riwayat atau halaman sumber

Ringkasan sumber

Thallus orbicular when substrate allows, to spreading, 2-10 cm diam., variously lobed. Lobes ascending at apices, often imbricate, rather thin, margins entire or ± lobulate. Upper surface smooth, shining, yellowish-green (usnic acid) or yellow (in bright sunlight) or greenish-brown (in shade), wrinkled, cracked, undulate, without isidia, soredia, maculae or pseudocyphellae. Lower surface pale creamish or buff to brown, smooth or wrinkled, whitish at margins. Apothecia round to reniform or rarely shallowly lobed, disc red-brown, matt or shining, smooth, margins entire, pale, slightly raised, upper surface areolate-scabrid.

Revisi sumber

Morfologi sumber

Thallus orbicular when substrate allows, to spreading, 2-10 cm diam., variously lobed. Lobes ascending at apices, often imbricate, rather thin, margins entire or ± lobulate. Upper surface smooth, shining, yellowish-green (usnic acid) or yellow (in bright sunlight) or greenish-brown (in shade), wrinkled, cracked, undulate, without isidia, soredia, maculae or pseudocyphellae. Lower surface pale creamish or buff to brown, smooth or wrinkled, whitish at margins. Apothecia round to reniform or rarely shallowly lobed, disc red-brown, matt or shining, smooth, margins entire, pale, slightly raised, upper surface areolate-scabrid. Ascospores pale reddish-brown, 3-septate, 17-22 × 5-7 µm. Chemistry: Two chemodemes are present in New Zealand populations. (i): Usnic acid, zeorin, 2 unidentified compounds (?terpenes). (ii): Usnic acid, zeorin, hypostictic and hyposalazinic acids. [See Moroney et al., Phytochemistry 20: 787-789 (1981)].

Revisi sumber

Ekologi sumber

Nephroma australe is a species of foliose lichen in the family Peltigeraceae. It was formally described as a new species in 1832 by French botanist Achille Richard. It is found in cool temperate rainforests of Australasia and southern South America and has a wide distribution in New Zealand, including Stewart and Chatham Islands. It is commonly found in Nothofagus forests, particularly on N. solandri var. cliffortioides and N. menziesii, especially in the South Island.

Revisi sumber

Struktur reproduksi sumber

Thallus orbicular when substrate allows, to spreading, 2-10 cm diam., variously lobed. Lobes ascending at apices, often imbricate, rather thin, margins entire or ± lobulate. Upper surface smooth, shining, yellowish-green (usnic acid) or yellow (in bright sunlight) or greenish-brown (in shade), wrinkled, cracked, undulate, without isidia, soredia, maculae or pseudocyphellae. Lower surface pale creamish or buff to brown, smooth or wrinkled, whitish at margins. Apothecia round to reniform or rarely shallowly lobed, disc red-brown, matt or shining, smooth, margins entire, pale, slightly raised, upper surface areolate-scabrid. Ascospores pale reddish-brown, 3-septate, 17-22 × 5-7 µm. Chemistry: Two chemodemes are present in New Zealand populations. (i): Usnic acid, zeorin, 2 unidentified compounds (?terpenes). (ii): Usnic acid, zeorin, hypostictic and hyposalazinic acids. [See Moroney et al., Phytochemistry 20: 787-789 (1981)].

Revisi sumber

Rujukan halaman ini

Fungi. Nephroma australe. Rilis data fungi-2026-10-12-expansion-2. https://fungi-atlas.mgadib.chatgpt.site/jamur/nephroma-australe/.

Status: impor sumber; pemeriksaan editorial per profil belum selesai. Untuk klaim biologis, gunakan rujukan pada bagian terkait dan periksa konteks sumber aslinya.